Moreover, autophagy seems to determine whether a cell lives or dies. The effects of autophagy on organ tissues appear to be related to the presence of disease or health of an organism. However, in the advanced stage of tumor development, autophagy provides nutrients to cancer cells and promotes their immune escape (by promoting the degradation of MHC-I on the surface of cancer cells ), as well as other functions. For example, in the early stages of tumorigenesis, autophagy plays a tumor-suppressing role by helping maintain genomic integrity and inhibiting tissue damage and inflammation through processes involving quality control systems and oxidative stress responses. Autophagy plays a dual role in various diseases. Macroautophagy (hereafter referred to as autophagy) is a process by which cellular contents are encircled by the membrane-bound structures known as autophagic vesicles, which eventually fuse with lysosomes in these vesicles, the cellular contents are broken down into small molecules. Moreover, the roles of autophagy in cell death have received increasing attention, but the precise mechanisms underlying the roles are still unclear. In recent decades, scientists have gradually unraveled the mystery of cell death. Similar content being viewed by othersÄeath is the end of all living things. Finally, we discuss autophagy enhancement in the treatment of diseases and offer a new perspective based on the use of autophagy for different functional conversions (including the conversion of autophagy and that of different autophagy-mediated cell death modalities) for the clinical treatment of tumors. How does autophagy regulate cell death? What are the fine-tuned regulatory mechanisms underlying autophagy-dependent cell death (ADCD) and autophagy-mediated cell death (AMCD)? In this article, we highlight the different roles of autophagy in cell death and discuss six of the main autophagy-related cell death modalities, with a focus on the metabolic changes caused by excessive endoplasmic reticulum-phagy (ER-phagy)-induced cell death and the role of mitophagy in autophagy-mediated ferroptosis. Despite recent progress in the study of the regulation and underlying molecular mechanisms of autophagy, numerous questions remain to be answered. Generally, autophagy plays a protective role in cells, but disruption of autophagy mechanisms or excessive autophagic flux usually leads to cell death. Autophagy is the process by which cells degrade and recycle proteins and organelles to maintain intracellular homeostasis.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |